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Deep web

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the part of the World Wide Web not indexed by traditional search engines. For other uses, see <a href="Deep_web_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Deep web (disambiguation)">Deep web (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Dark_web" title="Dark web">Dark web</a>.</div>

The deep web,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> invisible web,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> or hidden web<a href="#cite_note-cthw-3">[3]</a> are parts of the <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> whose contents are not <a href="Search_engine_indexing" title="Search engine indexing">indexed</a> by standard <a href="Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">web search-engine programs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> This is in contrast to the "<a href="Surface_web" title="Surface web">surface web</a>", which is accessible to anyone using the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer scientist</a> Michael K. Bergman is credited with inventing the term in 2001 as a search-indexing term.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a>

Deep web sites can be accessed by a direct <a href="URL" title="URL">URL</a> or <a href="IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>, but may require entering a password or other security information to access actual content.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Uses of deep web sites include <a href="Web_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Web mail">web mail</a>, <a href="Online_banking" title="Online banking">online banking</a>, <a href="Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">cloud storage</a>, restricted-access <a href="Social-media" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-media">social-media</a> pages and profiles, and <a href="Web_forums" class="mw-redirect" title="Web forums">web forums</a> that require registration for viewing content. It also includes <a href="Paywall" title="Paywall">paywalled</a> services such as <a href="Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> and some online magazines and newspapers.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

The first conflation of the terms "deep web" and "<a href="Dark_web" title="Dark web">dark web</a>" happened during 2009 when deep web search terminology was discussed together with illegal activities occurring on the <a href="Freenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenet">Freenet</a> and <a href="Darknet" title="Darknet">darknet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Those criminal activities include the commerce of personal <a href="Password" title="Password">passwords</a>, <a href="Identity_document_forgery" title="Identity document forgery">false identity documents</a>, <a href="Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a>, <a href="Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">firearms</a>, and <a href="Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

Since then, after their use in the media's reporting on the black-market website <a href="Silk_Road_(marketplace)" title="Silk Road (marketplace)">Silk Road</a>, media outlets have generally used "deep web" <a href="Skunked_term" title="Skunked term">synonymously</a> with the <a href="Dark_web" title="Dark web">dark web</a> or <a href="Darknet" title="Darknet">darknet</a>, a comparison some reject as inaccurate<a href="#cite_note-confusion-11">[11]</a> and consequently has become an ongoing source of confusion.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="Wired_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired (website)">Wired</a> reporters <a href="Kim_Zetter" title="Kim Zetter">Kim Zetter</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and <a href="Andy_Greenberg" title="Andy Greenberg">Andy Greenberg</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> recommend the terms be used in distinct fashions. While the deep web is a reference to any site that cannot be accessed by a traditional search engine, the dark web is a portion of the deep web that has been hidden intentionally and is inaccessible by standard browsers and methods.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-indexed_content">Non-indexed content</h2></div>

Bergman, in a paper on the deep web published in The Journal of Electronic Publishing, mentioned that Jill Ellsworth used the term Invisible Web in 1994 to refer to websites that were not registered with any search engine.<a href="#cite_note-bergman2001-17">[17]</a> Bergman cited a January 1996 article by Frank Garcia:<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

It would be a site that's possibly reasonably designed, but they didn't bother to register it with any of the search engines. So, no one can find them! You're hidden. I call that the invisible Web.

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Another early use of the term Invisible Web was by Bruce Mount and Matthew B. Koll of <a href="Personal_Library_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Library Software">Personal Library Software</a>, in a description of the No. 1 Deep Web program found in a December 1996 press release.<a href="#cite_note-PLS-19">[19]</a>

The first use of the specific term deep web, now generally accepted, occurred in the aforementioned 2001 Bergman study.<a href="#cite_note-bergman2001-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indexing_methods">Indexing methods</h2></div>

Methods that prevent web pages from being indexed by traditional search engines may be categorized as one or more of the following:

<ol><li>Contextual web: pages with content varying for different access contexts (e.g., ranges of client IP addresses or previous navigation sequence).</li>

<li>Dynamic content: <a href="Dynamic_Web_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic Web page">dynamic pages</a>, which are returned in response to a submitted query or accessed only through a form, especially if open-domain input elements (such as text fields) are used; such fields are hard to navigate without <a href="Domain_knowledge" title="Domain knowledge">domain knowledge</a>.</li>

<li>Limited access content: sites that limit access to their pages in a technical manner (e.g., using the <a href="Robots_Exclusion_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Robots Exclusion Standard">Robots Exclusion Standard</a> or <a href="CAPTCHA" title="CAPTCHA">CAPTCHAs</a>, or no-store directive, which prohibit search engines from browsing them and creating <a href="Web_cache" title="Web cache">cached</a> copies).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Sites may feature an internal search engine for exploring such pages.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li>

<li>Non-HTML/text content: textual content encoded in multimedia (image or video) files or specific <a href="File_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="File formats">file formats</a> not recognised by search engines.</li>

<li>Private web: sites that require registration and login (password-protected resources).</li>

<li>Scripted content: pages that are accessible only by links produced by <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> as well as content dynamically downloaded from Web servers via <a href="Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Flash</a> or <a href="Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> solutions.</li>

<li>Software: certain content is hidden intentionally from the regular Internet, accessible only with special software, such as <a href="Tor_(anonymity_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor</a>, <a href="I2P" title="I2P">I2P</a>, or other darknet software. For example, Tor allows users to access websites using the <a href=".onion" title=".onion">.onion</a> server address anonymously, hiding their IP address.</li>

<li>Unlinked content: pages which are not linked to by other pages, which may prevent <a href="Web_crawling" class="mw-redirect" title="Web crawling">web crawling</a> programs from accessing the content. This content is referred to as pages without <a href="Backlink" title="Backlink">backlinks</a> (also known as inlinks). Also, search engines do not always detect all backlinks from searched web pages.</li>

<li>Web archives: Web archival services such as the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> enable users to see archived versions of web pages across time, including websites that have become inaccessible and are not indexed by search engines such as Google. <a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a>The Wayback Machine may be termed a program for viewing the deep web, as web archives that are not from the present cannot be indexed, as past versions of websites are impossible to view by a search. All websites are updated at some time, which is why web archives are considered Deep Web content.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_types">Content types</h2></div>

While it is not always possible to discover directly a specific web server's content so that it may be indexed, a site potentially can be accessed indirectly (due to <a href="Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">computer vulnerabilities</a>).

To discover content on the web, search engines use <a href="Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawlers</a> that follow hyperlinks through known protocol virtual <a href="Port_(computer_networking)" title="Port (computer networking)">port numbers</a>. This technique is ideal for discovering content on the surface web but is often ineffective at finding deep web content. For example, these crawlers do not attempt to find dynamic pages that are the result of database queries due to the indeterminate number of queries that are possible.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> It has been noted that this can be overcome (partially) by providing links to query results, but this could unintentionally inflate the popularity of a site of the deep web.

<a href="DeepPeep" title="DeepPeep">DeepPeep</a>, <a href="Intute" title="Intute">Intute</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Aleph%20Open%20Search">Aleph Open Search</a>, <a href="Deep_Web_Technologies" title="Deep Web Technologies">Deep Web Technologies</a>, <a href="Scirus" title="Scirus">Scirus</a>, and <a href="Ahmia.fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmia.fi">Ahmia.fi</a> are a few search engines that have accessed the deep web. Intute ran out of funding and is now a temporary static archive as of July 2011.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Scirus retired near the end of January 2013.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

Researchers have been exploring how the deep web can be crawled in an automatic fashion, including content that can be accessed only by special software such as <a href="Tor_(anonymity_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor</a>. In 2001, Sriram Raghavan and Hector Garcia-Molina (Stanford Computer Science Department, Stanford University)<a href="#cite_note-raghavan2000-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> presented an architectural model for a hidden-Web crawler that used important terms provided by users or collected from the query interfaces to query a Web form and crawl the Deep Web content. Alexandros Ntoulas, Petros Zerfos, and Junghoo Cho of <a href="University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> created a hidden-Web crawler that automatically generated meaningful queries to issue against search forms.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Several form query languages (e.g., DEQUEL<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>) have been proposed that, besides issuing a query, also allow extraction of structured data from result pages. Another effort is DeepPeep, a project of the <a href="University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> sponsored by the <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, which gathered hidden-web sources (web forms) in different domains based on novel focused crawler techniques.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

Commercial search engines have begun exploring alternative methods to crawl the deep web. The <a href="Sitemap_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitemap Protocol">Sitemap Protocol</a> (first developed and introduced by Google in 2005) and <a href="Open_Archives_Initiative_Protocol_for_Metadata_Harvesting" title="Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting">OAI-PMH</a> are mechanisms that allow search engines and other interested parties to discover deep web resources on particular web servers. Both mechanisms allow web servers to advertise the URLs that are accessible on them, thereby allowing automatic discovery of resources that are not linked directly to the surface web. Google's deep web surfacing system computes submissions for each HTML form and adds the resulting HTML pages into the Google search engine index. The surfaced results account for a thousand queries per second to deep web content.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In this system, the pre-computation of submissions is done using three algorithms:

<ol><li>selecting input values for text search inputs that accept keywords,</li>

<li>identifying inputs that accept only values of a specific type (e.g., date) and</li>

<li>selecting a small number of input combinations that generate URLs suitable for inclusion into the Web search index.</li></ol>

In 2008, to facilitate users of <a href="Tor_(anonymity_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor hidden services</a> in their access and search of a hidden <a href=".onion" title=".onion">.onion</a> suffix, <a href="Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a> designed <a href="Tor2web" title="Tor2web">Tor2web</a>—a proxy application able to provide access by means of common web browsers.<a href="#cite_note-RELEASE-33">[33]</a> Using this application, deep web links appear as a random sequence of letters followed by the .onion <a href="Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a>.

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<ul><li><a href="Clearnet_(networking)" title="Clearnet (networking)">Clearnet (networking)</a></li>

<li><a href="DARPA's_Memex_program" class="mw-redirect" title="DARPA's Memex program">DARPA's Memex program</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_linking" title="Deep linking">Deep linking</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_Web_Technologies" title="Deep Web Technologies">Deep Web Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Intellectual_dark_web" title="Intellectual dark web">Intellectual dark web</a></li>

<li><a href="Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li>

<li><a href="Darknet" title="Darknet">Darknet</a></li>

<li><a href="Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor (network)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Tor_onion_services" title="List of Tor onion services">List of Tor onion services</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116173141/https://www.ourinternet.org/sites/default/files/publications/GCIG_Paper_No6.pdf">"The Impact of the Dark Web on Internet Governance and Cyber Security"</a> (PDF). January 20, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourinternet.org/sites/default/files/publications/GCIG_Paper_No6.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.dictionary.com/dark-web/">"The Deep Web vs. The Dark Web"</a>. Dictionary Blog. May 6, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-bergman2001-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bergman2001_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bergman2001_17-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBergman2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bergman, Michael K. (August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jep;view=text;rgn=main;idno=3336451.0007.104">"The Deep Web: Surfacing Hidden Value"</a>. The Journal of Electronic Publishing. 7 (1). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2F3336451.0007.104">10.3998/3336451.0007.104</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.3336451.0007.104">2027/spo.3336451.0007.104</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGarcia1996" class="citation journal cs1">Garcia, Frank (January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961205083117/http://tcp.ca/Jan96/BusandMark.html">"Business and Marketing on the Internet"</a>. Masthead. 15 (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tcp.ca/Jan96/BusandMark.html">the original</a> on December 5, 1996. Retrieved February 24, 2009.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-PLS-19"><a href="#cite_ref-PLS_19-0">^</a> @1 started with 5.7 terabytes of content, estimated to be 30 times the size of the nascent World Wide Web; PLS was acquired by AOL in 1998 and @1 was abandoned. <cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19971021232057/http://www.pls.com/news/pr961212_at1.html">"PLS introduces AT1, the first 'second generation' Internet search service"</a> (Press release). Personal Library Software. December 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pls.com/news/pr961212_at1.html">the original</a> on October 21, 1997. Retrieved February 24, 2009.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFieldingNottinghamReschke2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fielding, R.; Nottingham, M.; Reschke, J. (2014). Fielding, R.; Nottingham, M.; Reschke, J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234#section-5.2.2.3">"Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Caching"</a>. <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7234">10.17487/RFC7234</a>. Retrieved July 30, 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Special:Search

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php">"Internet Archive Search"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWiener-Bronner2015" class="citation web cs1">Wiener-Bronner, Danielle (June 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630010143/http://fusion.net/story/145885/nasa-is-indexing-the-deep-web-to-show-mankind-what-google-wont/">"NASA is indexing the 'Deep Web' to show mankind what Google won't"</a>. Fusion. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fusion.net/story/145885/nasa-is-indexing-the-deep-web-to-show-mankind-what-google-wont/">the original</a> on June 30, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015. <q>There are other simpler versions of Memex already available. "If you've ever used the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine", which gives you past versions of a website not accessible through Google, then you've technically searched the Deep Web, said <a href="Chris_Mattmann" title="Chris Mattmann">Chris Mattmann</a>.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intute.ac.uk/faq.html">"Intute FAQ, dead link"</a>. Retrieved October 13, 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623002452/http://library.bldrdoc.gov/newsarc/201312.html">"Elsevier to Retire Popular Science Search Engine"</a>. library.bldrdoc.gov. December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.bldrdoc.gov/newsarc/201312.html">the original</a> on June 23, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015. <q>by end of January 2014, Elsevier will be discontinuing Scirus, its free science search engine. Scirus has been a wide-ranging research tool, with over 575 million items indexed for searching, including webpages, pre-print articles, patents, and repositories.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-raghavan2000-26"><a href="#cite_ref-raghavan2000_26-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSriram_RaghavanGarcia-Molina2000" class="citation web cs1">Sriram Raghavan; Garcia-Molina, Hector (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508094122/http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/456/1/2000-36.pdf">"Crawling the Hidden Web"</a> (PDF). Stanford Digital Libraries Technical Report. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/456/1/2000-36.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 8, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2008.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRaghavanGarcia-Molina,_Hector2001" class="citation conference cs1">Raghavan, Sriram; Garcia-Molina, Hector (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dia.uniroma3.it/~vldbproc/017_129.pdf">"Crawling the Hidden Web"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB). pp. 129–38.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlexandrosZerfosCho2005" class="citation web cs1">Alexandros, Ntoulas; Zerfos, Petros; Cho, Junghoo (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oak.cs.ucla.edu/~cho/papers/ntoulas-hidden.pdf">"Downloading Hidden Web Content"</a> (PDF). <a href="UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> Computer Science. Retrieved February 24, 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShestakovBhowmickLim2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shestakov, Denis; Bhowmick, Sourav S.; Lim, Ee-Peng (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inf.ufsc.br/~r.mello/deepWeb/querying/DKE2005-Sourav.pdf">"DEQUE: Querying the Deep Web"</a> (PDF). Data & Knowledge Engineering. 52 (3): 273–311. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-023X%2804%2900107-7">10.1016/S0169-023X(04)00107-7</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBarbosaFreire2007" class="citation conference cs1">Barbosa, Luciano; <a href="Juliana_Freire" title="Juliana Freire">Freire, Juliana</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605082603/http://www.cs.utah.edu/~lbarbosa/publications/ache-www2007.pdf">An Adaptive Crawler for Locating Hidden-Web Entry Points</a> (PDF). WWW Conference 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.utah.edu/~lbarbosa/publications/ache-www2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 5, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBarbosaFreire2005" class="citation conference cs1">Barbosa, Luciano; <a href="Juliana_Freire" title="Juliana Freire">Freire, Juliana</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605082629/http://www.cs.utah.edu/~lbarbosa/publications/webdb2005.pdf">Searching for Hidden-Web Databases</a> (PDF). WebDB 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.utah.edu/~lbarbosa/publications/webdb2005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 5, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMadhavanKoKotGanapathy2008" class="citation conference cs1">Madhavan, Jayant; Ko, David; Kot, Łucja; Ganapathy, Vignesh; Rasmussen, Alex; Halevy, Alon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916104001/http://homes.cs.washington.edu/~alon/files/vldb08deepweb.pdf">Google's Deep-Web Crawl</a> (PDF). PVLDB '08, August 23-28, 2008, Auckland, New Zealand. VLDB Endowment, ACM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~alon/files/vldb08deepweb.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 16, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RELEASE-33"><a href="#cite_ref-RELEASE_33-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAaron" class="citation web cs1">Aaron, Swartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/tor2web">"In Defense of Anonymity"</a>. Retrieved February 4, 2014.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBarker2004" class="citation web cs1">Barker, Joe (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050729110408/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/InvisibleWeb.html">"Invisible Web: What it is, Why it exists, How to find it, and its inherent ambiguity"</a>. University of California, Berkeley, Teaching Library Internet Workshops. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/InvisibleWeb.html">the original</a> on July 29, 2005. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBasu2010" class="citation web cs1">Basu, Saikat (March 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/10-search-engines-explore-deep-invisible-web/">"10 Search Engines to Explore the Invisible Web"</a>. MakeUseOf.com.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOzkan2014" class="citation web cs1">Ozkan, Akin (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108182138/http://akinozkan.com/deep-web-derin-internet/">"Deep Web /Derin İnternet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://akinozkan.com/deep-web-derin-internet/">the original</a> on November 8, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2014.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGruchawka2006" class="citation web cs1">Gruchawka, Steve (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105152032/http://techdeepweb.com/">"How-To Guide to the Deep Web"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techdeepweb.com/">the original</a> on January 5, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2007.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2003" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Nigel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2003.org/cdrom/papers/poster/p170/poster/poster.html">"The Mechanics of a Deep Net Metasearch Engine"</a>. 12th World Wide Web Conference.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHeChang2003" class="citation conference cs1">He, Bin; Chang, Kevin Chen-Chuan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085124/http://eagle.cs.uiuc.edu/pubs/2003/unifiedschema-sigmod03-hc-mar03.pdf">"Statistical Schema Matching across Web Query Interfaces"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eagle.cs.uiuc.edu/pubs/2003/unifiedschema-sigmod03-hc-mar03.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 20, 2011.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHowell_O'Neill2013" class="citation news cs1">Howell O'Neill, Patrick (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailydot.com/technology/how-to-search-the-deep-web/">"How to search the Deep Web"</a>. The Daily Dot.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFIpeirotisGravanoSahami2001" class="citation conference cs1">Ipeirotis, Panagiotis G.; Gravano, Luis; Sahami, Mehran (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060912141432/http://qprober.cs.columbia.edu/publications/sigmod2001.pdf">"Probe, Count, and Classify: Categorizing Hidden-Web Databases"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. pp. 67–78. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qprober.cs.columbia.edu/publications/sigmod2001.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 12, 2006. Retrieved September 26, 2006.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKingLiTaoNayak2007" class="citation journal cs1">King, John D.; Li, Yuefeng; Tao, Daniel; Nayak, Richi (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203104452/http://sky.fit.qut.edu.au/~kingj2/downloads/king07mining.pdf">"Mining World Knowledge for Analysis of Search Engine Content"</a> (PDF). Web Intelligence and Agent Systems. 5 (3): 233–53. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sky.fit.qut.edu.au/~kingj2/downloads/king07mining.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 3, 2008. Retrieved July 26, 2011.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMcCownLiuNelsonZubair2006" class="citation journal cs1">McCown, Frank; Liu, Xiaoming; Nelson, Michael L.; Zubair, Mohammad (March–April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?LA-UR-05-9158.pdf">"Search Engine Coverage of the OAI-PMH Corpus"</a> (PDF). <a href="IEEE_Internet_Computing" title="IEEE Internet Computing">IEEE Internet Computing</a>. 10 (2): 66–73. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIC.2006.41">10.1109/MIC.2006.41</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15511914">15511914</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPriceSherman2001" class="citation book cs1">Price, Gary; Sherman, Chris (July 2001). The Invisible Web: Uncovering Information Sources Search Engines Can't See. CyberAge Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-910965-51-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li>Shestakov, Denis (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706120641/https://oa.doria.fi/handle/10024/38506">Search Interfaces on the Web: Querying and Characterizing</a>. TUCS Doctoral Dissertations 104, University of Turku</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWhoriskey2008" class="citation news cs1">Whoriskey, Peter (December 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2008/12/11/firms-push-for-a-more-searchable-federal-web/c4f48ea6-6b4b-421c-8603-f53ace3358e9?itid=sr_1_1ccbe264-886d-4fc1-8603-4cd596c7bf20">"Firms Push for a More Searchable Federal Web"</a>. <a href="The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. p. D01.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWright2004" class="citation news cs1">Wright, Alex (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2004/03/09/deep_web/index_np.html">"In Search of the Deep Web"</a>. Salon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2004/03/09/deep_web/">the original</a> on March 9, 2007.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFScientists2014" class="citation podcast cs1">Scientists, Naked (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/podcasts/naked-scientists/show/20141202/">"The Internet: the good, the bad and the ugly – In-depth exploration of the Internet and the Dark Web by Cambridge University's Naked Scientists"</a> (Podcast).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKing2009" class="citation thesis cs1">King, John D. (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.qut.edu.au/26241/1/John_King_Thesis.pdf">Search Engine Content Analysis</a> (PDF) (Thesis). Queensland University of Technology.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deep_web" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Deep web">Deep web</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Deep_Web" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Deep Web">Deep Web</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221989#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1006" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221989#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1006" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7664173-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008009697">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1024925&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007542416305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/f7efdd5b-dada-4a96-bcb6-8ea1dc69db33">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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